When a country is under-populated, newcomers are not competitors, but assistants. If more come they may produce not only new quotas, but a __1__ as well. In such a state of things land is  __2__ and cheap. The possession of it  __3__ no power or privilege. No one will work for another for wages  __4__ he can take up new land and be his own master. Hence it will pay no one to own more land than he can  __5__ by his own labor, or with such aid as his own family  __6__. Hence, again, land __7__ little or no rent; there will be no landlords living on rent and no laborers living on __8__, but only a middle class of yeoman farmers（自耕农）. All are __9__ on an equality, and democracy becomes the political form, because this is the only state of society in which equality, on which democracy is __10__, is realized as a fact. The same effects are powerfully __11__by other facts. In a new and under-populated country the industries which are most profitable are the extractive industries. The __12__of these, with the exception of some kinds of mining, is that they call __13__ only a low organization of labor and small amount of capital. Hence they allow the workman to become __14__his own master, and they educate him to freedom, independence, and self __15__. At the same time, the social groups being only __16__ marked off from each other, it is easy to __17__from one class of occupations, and consequently from one social grade, to another. Finally, under the same circumstances, education, skill, and superior training have but inferior value compared with what they have in __18__populated countries. The __19__lie in an under-populated country, with the __20__, unskilled, manual occupations, and not with the highest developments of science, literature, and art.

　　1.[A]surplus [B] plus [C] remains [D] remainder

　　2.[A] scarce [B] sacred [C] abundant [D] extractive

　　3.[A] infers [B] defers [C] confers [D] refers

　　4.[A] but [B] when [C] while [D] so

　　5.[A] cultivate [B] culminate [C] calculate [D] conceive

　　6.[A] requests [B] deploys [C] implies [D] supplies

　　7.[A] fosters [B] promotes [C] bears [D] contributes

　　8.[A] wages [B] salaries [C] rewards [D] awards

　　9.[A]intentionally [B] potentially [C]substaintially [D] consistently

　　10.[A] fertilized [B] based [C] drawn [D] guaranteed

　　11.[A] influenced [B] checked [C] reshaped [D]reinforced

　　12.[A] feature [B]characteristic [C] essence [D] fundamental

　　13.[A] off [B] on [C] to [D] for

　　14.[A] speedily [B] merrily [C] unfortunately [D] amusingly

　　15.[A] autonomy [B] regulation [C] independence [D] reliance

　　16.[A] obviously [B]vaguely [C]positively [D] apparently

　　17.[A] transfer [B]transform [C]transmit [D] transport

　　18.[A] sporadically [B] densely [C] loosely [D]neatly
　　
　　19.[A] advantages [B] disadvantages [C] gains [D]deficits
　　
　　20.[A] flexible [B] coarse [C] presentable [D] masculine

　　参考答案：1-5 ACCBA 6-10 DCACB 11-15 DBDAD 16-20 BABAB